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Kampaně na eradikaci vybraných infekčních chorob ve Vietnamu s ohledem na socio-ekonomický a politický vývoj
Ostřanská, Simona
The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the political and socio-economic development of Vietnam and its impact on the epidemiological situation. The first part of the thesis describes the key determinants of political and socio-economic development and their influence on the epidemiological and demographic trends in Vietnam. This section also provides an overview of the regional and ethnic divisions within the country. The thesis then focuses on the epidemiological transition and the period of the Đổi Mới reforms and their effects on the healthcare system. The main section is dedicated to the epidemiological situation after the reunification of Vietnam and the analysis of the efforts to eliminate tuberculosis and measles, with a detailed examination of the implemented campaigns and obstacles for the process of elimination. Based on this section, the final chapter explores the theme of social inequality and the challenges faced by ethnic minorities in Vietnamese society.
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Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Events Reports of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine
Kulhavá, Jana ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Horký, Pavel (referee)
Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Events Reports of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Author: Jana Kulhavá Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Keywords: vaccination, measles, mumps, rubella, adverse events reports Introduction: The MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine used to vaccinate children against measles, mumps and rubella. Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions is an important source of information to identify potential risks of medicinal products. Objective: The aim of this diploma thesis is the analytical evaluation of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions after vaccination with MMR vaccine registered in the database of the State Institute for Drug Control during the period 2004 to 2017. Methods: The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software using descriptive statistics methods. The reported adverse reactions were classified into appropriate organ system classes according to the MedDRA Glossary of Medical Terminology. The expectability and severity of adverse reactions were assessed. Results: A total of 805 cases of suspected adverse reactions were reported between 2004 and 2007, which included 2,812 adverse reactions. Most suspected adverse...
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Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Events Reports of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine
Kulhavá, Jana ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Horký, Pavel (referee)
Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Events Reports of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Author: Jana Kulhavá Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Keywords: vaccination, measles, mumps, rubella, adverse events reports Introduction: The MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine used to vaccinate children against measles, mumps and rubella. Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions is an important source of information to identify potential risks of medicinal products. Objective: The aim of this diploma thesis is the analytical evaluation of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions after vaccination with MMR vaccine registered in the database of the State Institute for Drug Control during the period 2004 to 2017. Methods: The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software using descriptive statistics methods. The reported adverse reactions were classified into appropriate organ system classes according to the MedDRA Glossary of Medical Terminology. The expectability and severity of adverse reactions were assessed. Results: A total of 805 cases of suspected adverse reactions were reported between 2004 and 2007, which included 2,812 adverse reactions. Most suspected adverse...
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Decreasing vaccination rate as a new global health problem
Galstyan, Elen ; Kučerová, Irah (advisor) ; Tesař, Jakub (referee)
This master thesis is focused on decreasing levels of vaccination as a new health risk. In recent years it has become a new trend that we can observe in European countries. Low vaccination levels amongst population are one of the reasons for new epidemics or pandemics happening. When immunization rises above 95 % then a collective immunization comes into effect. Collective immunization lowers the chances of diseases spreading. For this reason, World health organization supports immunization and tries to make immunization affordable reachable for everyone everywhere. This these analyses measles which can be stopped by vaccinating the population. Therefore, the World health organization prepares strategic plans aimed at eradication of this disease. Each member state has a task to apply these plans in their specific environment. This thesis focuses on the Czech Republic and its implementation of strategic plans happening 2005-2010 and 2011-2020. This thesis is structured into 5 chapters focused on theory of international relations, hesitancy to vaccinate, strategic plans of World health organization and the Czech Republic.
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Nudging v zdravotníctve - cesta k vyšším mieram očkovania?
Turányi, Samuel ; Chytilová, Helena (advisor) ; Fidler, Armin (referee)
This master thesis investigates impact of nudging on the level of vaccination rates against measles by utilizing insights from behavioral economics. In the theoretical part, brief overview of behavioral economics and its contributions to health economics is outlined. Additionally, direct application of nudging concepts and behavioral features in healthcare is illustrated, primarily focused on the vaccination issue. In the analytical part, two neighboring countries have been chosen for the research, Austria and Czech Republic and their regions Vorarlberg, Prague and South Bohemia. Their rates of vaccination based on data gathered from both private institutions as well as public sources were compared using documentary comparative analysis as a research method. Two hypotheses were set for testing: (1) Czech mandatory vaccination policy against measles had been historically more effective than Austrian opt-in system and (2) Choice architecture had profound effect on levels of coverage. None of the hypotheses was refuted. Research was narrowed down to examination of measles due to data availability. In final part, implications from findings were elaborated on. Subsequent policy recommendations were presented, referring to the type of vaccination system, incentives, behavioral as well as historical factors and concepts of nudging like peer pressure, framing, priming, loss aversion or three heuristics.
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Measles - possibilities of managing unsatisfactory epidemiological situation in Europe
MERVARDOVÁ, Eliška
This thesis focuses on the epidemiological situation in the incidence of measles in the Czech Republic and possibilities of influencing their unfavourable situation in Europe. Measles is a highly contagious disease of viral origin, which has a significant impact on the health of the child population in particular. The most effective protection against the measles is vaccination. The introduction of measles vaccination positively affected the epidemiological situation in the world. Priority of the WHO (World Health Organization, WHO, hereinafter) is elimination of the measles. The long term goal of the WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC hereinafter) was the elimination of measles in the European region by 2010. This goal was not achieved. The cause was low immunization coverage of certain population groups in several European countries. The prerequisite of achieving elimination of measles is that the vaccination coverage in the population is high. Many countries, thanks to effective vaccination strategy, succeeded in reducing the incidence of measles. In the years 2007- 2009 the historically lowest incidence, of less than 10 measles cases per million inhabitants, in the European region was achieved. In subsequent years, there was again a rise in measles morbidity. A repeated rise in cases of the disease is attributed to the expansion of social groups where vaccination coverage was inadequate in terms of achieving herd immunity. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter describes the history of measles, the origin of the name of the disease and the first mention of it. The second theoretical chapter is devoted to the clinical characteristics of measles. In subchapters it describes the clinical picture of the disease, possible complications of the disease, how the infection is diagnosed and what treatment options there are. The third chapter defines the epidemiological characteristics of the disease. The subheads are aimed at the cause of the disease, possible ways of transmission, incubation period, period of communicability, susceptibility and incidence of this disease. At last, the fourth chapter of the theoretical part desribes possible epidemiological measures, which include measles surveillance, preventive and repressive measures and vaccination. The practical part of the thesis was elaborated through quantitative research - secondary data analysis. Analysed data were obtained from the information system for reporting and recording infectious diseases EPIDAT on Regional Hygiene Station of South Bohemian Region, based in Budweis and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The data on population, in terms of age groups and individual regions, were drawn from the demographic yearbooks, which are available on the website of the Czech Statistical Office. The resulting data were subsequently processed in tabular and graphical forms in Microsoft Excel. The research objectives were: 1) to set charting trends in the incidence of measles in the Czech Republic and Central Europe over the period 2004-2013, 2) to compare the incidence of measles in the individual regions of the Czech Republic, and 3) to identify the reasons for gaps in vaccination coverage against measles in the South Bohemian Region. Based on the above stated objectives, the five research questions were defined. The results are intended to highlight the issues of possible adverse influence on the epidemiological situation in the incidence of measles in Europe. This thesis can be used as a source of information on trends in incidence, vaccine development and immunization status for measles.
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